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包装工程概论(双语教学用)(第二版)
该教材主要包括:Unit 1An Overview of Packaging 包装概述、Unit 2 Packaging Materials and Containers 包装材料和容器、Unit 3 Packaging Dynamics and Distribution Packaging 包装动力学与运输包装、Unit 4 Packaging Technology 包装技术、Unit 5 Packaging Development 包装研发。
UNIT 1An Overview Of Packaging1
Lesson 1A Historical Perspective On Packaging1 1What Is Packaging?1 2Primitive Packaging2 3From Rome To The Renaissance3 4The Industrial Revolution5 5The Evolution Of New Packaging Roles6 6Packaging In The 20th Century8 7Modern Packaging9 7.1Changing Needs and New Roles9 7.2Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society9 7.3World Packaging11 8Waste Management And Environmental Issues12 9The Modern Packaging Industry16 Lesson 2Basic Functions of Packaging22 1Introduction22 2The Containment Function23 3The Protection/Preservation Function23 4Food Preservation24 4.1The Nature of Food24 4.2Meat products26 4.3Fish26 4.4Produce26 4.5Barrier Packaging27 4.6Microorganisms28 5The Transport Function35 6The Information/Sales Function36 UNIT 2Packaging Materials And Containers42 Lesson 3Paper and Paperboard42 1Introduction42 2Representative Papermaking Machines42 2.1Fourdrinier machines42 2.2Cylinder Machines43 2.3TwinWire Machines45 3Machine Direction And Cross Direction45 4Surface Or DryEnd,Treatments And Coatings46 5Paper Chracterization47 5.1Caliper and Weight47 5.2Brightness48 5.3Paper and Moisture Content48 5.4Viscoelasticity49 6Paper Types49 6.1Newsprint and Related Grades49 6.2Book Papers49 6.3Commercial Papers49 6.4Greaseproof Papers50 6.5Natural Kraft Paper50 6.6Bleached Krafts and Sulfites50 6.7Tissue Paper50 6.8Label Paper50 6.9Pouch Papers51 6.10Containerboards(linerboard and medium)51 7Paperboard Grades51 7.1Chipboard,Cardboard,Newsboard51 7.2Bending Chipboard51 7.3Lined Chipboard51 7.4Single WhiteLined(SWL)Paperboard52 7.5ClayCoated Newsback(CCNB)52 7.6Double WhiteLined(DWL)Paperboard52 7.7Solid Bleached Sulfate(SBS)52 7.8Food Board52 7.9Solid Unbleached Sulfate(SUS)52 Lesson 4Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes57 1Historical Perspective57 2Corrugated Board58 2.1Construction58 2.2Flutes59 2.3Fiberboard Grades60 2.4Corrugating Adhesives61 2.5Board Manufacture62 3Fiberboard Characterization Tests63 3.1Mullen Burst Test(TAPPI T 810)63 3.2Edgewise Compression Test(TAPPI T 811)63 3.3Flat Crush Test(TAPPI T 808).64 3.4Combined Weight of Facings64 3.5Thickness of Corrugated Board(TAPPI T 411)64 3.6Gurley Porosity(TAPPI T 460 and T 536)64 3.7Flexural Stiffness(TAPPI T 820)64 3.8Water Takeup Tests(TAPPI T 441)64 3.9Puncture Test(TAPPI T 803)64 3.10Pin Adhesion(TAPPI T 821)65 3.11Ply Separation(TAPPI T 812)65 3.12Coefficient of Friction(TAPPI T 815 and ASTM 04521)65 4Corrugated Boxes65 4.1Selecting the Correct Flute65 4.2Box Styles67 4.3Manufacturers joint68 4.4Dimensioning68 5Carrier Rules68 5.1Application68 5.2Summary of Rules for Corrugated Box Construction69 Lesson 5Metal Containers75 1Background75 2Common Metal Container Shapes76 3ThreePiece Steel Cans77 4TwoPiece Cans79 4.1Draw Processes79 4.2DrawandRedraw Process79 4.3DrawandIron Process80 5Impact Extrusion81 6Aerosols83 6.1Aerosol Propellants83 6.2Other Pressurized Dispensers84 Lesson 6Glass Containers89 1Glass Types And General Properties89 2Bottle Manufacture90 2.1Blowing the Bottle or Jar90 2.2Annealing92 2.3Surface Coatings92 2.4Inspection and Packing93 3Bottle Design Features93 3.1Bottle Parts and Shapes93 3.2Finish and Closures94 3.3Neck and Shoulder Areas94 3.4Sides94 3.5Heel and Base95 3.6Stability and Machinability95 3.7Vials and Ampoules95 3.8Carbonated Beverages96 Lesson 7Plastics in Packaging98 1Introduction To Plastics98 2Thermoplastic And Thermoset Polymers100 3Shaping Plastics101 4Plasticating Extruders101 5Extrusion102 5.1Profile Extrusion102 5.2Sheet and Film Extrusion103 5.3BlownFilm Extrusion103 5.4Orientation104 5.5CoExtrusion105 6Injection Molding105 6.1Injection Molding Machines105 6.2Coinjection Molding106 7Extrsion Blow Molding106 8Injection Blow Molding107 9Thermoforming109 9.1Principle and Applications109 9.2Thermoforming Methods109 9.3Billow forming110 10Other Forming Methods111 10.1Pressblowing111 10.2Rotational Molding111 10.3Compression Molding111 10.4BlowFillSeal Molding112 11Recognizing Molding Methods112 Lesson 8Flexible Packaging Laminates116 1Laminates116 2Aluminum Foil 116 2.1Chemical Characteristics117 2.2Aluminum Foil in Flexible Packaging117 2.3Foil Coatings118 3Vacuum Metallizing119 3.1The Metallizing Process119 3.2VacuumMetallizing Paper120 3.3VacuumMetallizing Films120 4Other Inorganic Coating121 4.1Silicone oxides121 4.2Carbon coatings121 4.3Nanocomposites121 5Laminate Structural And Physical Properties121 5.1Coefficient of Friction122 5.2Body and DeadFold Properties123 5.3Tear Properties123 5.4 Thermoformability123 5.5Use Environments123 6Flaxible Bags,Pouches And Sachets123 7Sealability126 8Barrier Properties127 9Laminating Processes129 9.1Bonding Methods129 9.2Laminating Machines129 9.3Coating Stations130 10Specifying Laminates132 Lesson 9Closures138 1Selection Considerations138 2Tamper Evident Closures139 3Tamper Evident Systems140 4ChildResistant Closures142 UNIT 3Packaging Dynamics and Distribution Packaging145 Lesson 10Shock,Vibration,and Compression145 1Shock145 1.1Shock Resulting from Drops145 1.2Shock During Rail Transport147 1.3Other Shock Conditions147 1.4Quantifying Shock Fragility148 1.5Cushioning Against Shock151 2Vibration152 2.1Vibration Damage Due to Relative Motion153 2.2Vibration Resonance153 2.3Stack Resonance154 2.4Isolating Vibration155 3Compression156 3.1Static and Dynamic Compression156 3.2Compression Strength and Warehouse Stack Duration157 3.3Compression Strength and Humidity157 3.4Other Factors Influencing Box Stack Strength157 3.5Contents’ Effect on Compression Strength159 3.6Plastic Bottle Stacking Factors161 3.7Stacking and Compression161 3.8Distribution Environment and Container Performance162 3.9Estimating Required Compression Strength163 Lesson 11Mechanical Shock169 1Introduction169 2The Freely Falling Package169 3Mechanial Shock Theory171 4Shock Duration176 5Shock Amplification And The Critical Element177 6Horizontal Impacts179 Lesson 12Lansmont Six Step Method184 1Step 1 Define The Environment185 1.1Shock Environment185 1.2Vibration Environment187 2Step 2 Product Fragility Analysis188 2.1Shock:Damage Boundary188 2.2Vibration:Resonance Search &Dwell191 3Step 3 Product Improvement Feedback192 4Step 4 Cushion Material Performance Evaluation192 4.1Shock Cushion Performance192 4.2Vibration Cushion Performance193 5Step 5 Package Design194 5.1Shock:Package Design194 5.2Vibration:Package Design195 5.3Package Design Considerations196 6Step 6 Test The Product/package System196 6.1Shock:Package Testing196 6.2Vibration:Package Testing197 Lesson 13Distribution Packaging200 1Short History Of Distribution Packaging In The USA200 2Functions And Goals Of Distribution Packaging200 2.1Containment200 2.2Protection200 2.3Performance200 2.4Communication201 2.5Product Protection201 2.6Ease of Handling and Storage201 2.7Shipping Effectiveness201 2.8Manufacturing Efficiency201 2.9Ease of Identification201 2.10Customer Needs201 2.11Environmental Responsibility201 3The Cost Of Packaging201 4The Package Design Process202 5Taking A Total System Approach To Package Design202 6The Protective Package Concept203 7The 10Step Process Of Distribution Packaging Design205 7.1Identify the Physical Characteristics of the Product205 7.2Determine Marketing and Distribution Requirements205 7.3Learn About the Environmental Hazards Your Packages will Encounter205 7.4Consider Packaging and Unitizing Alternatives205 7.5Design the Distribution Package205 7.6Determine Quality of Protection Through PerformanceTesting206 7.7Redesign Package(and Unit Load)Until It Successfully Passes All Tests206 7.8Redesign the Product if Indicated and Feasible206 7.9Develop the Packaging Methods207 7.10Document All Work207 8A Final Check207 9The Warehouse207 10Unit Loads208 10.1Pallets208 10.2Unit Load Efficiency210 10.3Stabilizing Unit Loads211 Lesson 14Test Method for Product Fragility215 1Shock:Damage Boundary215 1.1Conducting A Fragility Test217 2Vibration:Resonance Search & Dwell219 Lesson 15StressEnergy Method for Determining Cushion Curves223 1Current Practice223 2Something New223 3StressEnergy Method224 4Procedure To Find The StressEnergy Equation225 5Using The StressEnergy Equation To Generate Cushion Curves226 6Test Procedure226 7Conclusion228 UNIT 4Packaging Technology and Machinery230 Lesson 16Liquid Filling230 1Introduction230 2Type Of Filling Machine230 3Use Of Filling Machines231 4Rotary And StraightLine Fillers231 5Liquid Volumetric Filling231 5.1Introduction231 5.2Piston Volumetric Filling232 5.3Diaphragm Volumetric Filling235 5.4Timed Flow Volumetric Filling236 5.5Rotating Metering Discs236 5.6Rotary Pumps237 5.7Augers238 6Liquid Constant Level Filling238 6.1Introduction238 6.2Pure Gravity Filling238 6.3Pure Vacuum Filling240 6.4Gravity Vacuum Filling241 6.5Pure Pressure Filling242 6.6Level Sensing Filling242 6.7Pressure Gravity Filling243 Lesson 17Dry Product Filling248 1Introduction248 2Type Of Dry Products248 3Type Of Dry Filling Operations248 4Product Delivery249 5Dry Volumetric Filling249 5.1Introduction249 5.2Cup or Flask Fillers249 5.3Flooding or Constant Stream Fillers251 5.4Auger Fillers251 5.5Vacuum Fillers252 6Dry Filling By Weight253 6.1Introduction253 6.2Net Weight Filling253 6.3Gross Weight Filling254 6.4Types of Scales255 7Filling By Count256 7.1Introduction256 7.2Board or Disc Counters256 7.3Slat Counters257 7.4Column Counters258 7.5Electronic Counters259 7.6Maintenance259 Lesson 18Applied Packaging(I)262 1Carded Display Packages262 2Blister Packages263 Lesson 19Applied Packaging(II)266 1Carded Skin Packaging266 2Pharmaceutical Packaging267 2.1Drug Properties267 2.2Packaging Emphases268 2.3Regulations269 2.4Manufacturing Practice270 UNIT 5Packaging Development273 Lesson 20Packaging Development Process273 1Managing The Packaging Project273 2Project Scope274 3The Package Development Process275 3.1An Overview of the Package Development Process275 3.2Generating Ideas276 3.3The Package Design Brief277 3.4The Development Timetable280 3.5Development and Testing of Alternatives280 4Specifications281 Glossary 285 Resources316
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