能源英语 2 Energy English 2_赵明学，周英莉，杨晓华，邹秀娟著_9787513038980

　　《能源英语2》在《能源英语1》的基础上阐明了能源与安全、经济、科技、环境及政策的关系，并在此框架下对新旧能源展开了对比。此外，教师通过此书可帮助学生选定能源领域的专业研究课题，对学生开展学术英语综合运用能力的训练，提高学生能源领域的专业知识水平和培养学生能源领域的专业学术英语运用能力。其具体包括：听懂相关专业课程和专业讲座的能力，搜索、阅读和评价专业文献的能力，撰写文献摘要、述评和专业小论文的能力，口头陈述和演示科研成果的能力，参加学术讨论的能力。该教材适用于已具备一定听、说、读、写、译能力的英语专业高年级学生和非英语专业研究生。

　　赵明学, 男, 汉族, 1982年1月毕业于黑龙江大学英语系英语语言文学专业，获硕士学位；教授职称，外国语言学与应用语言学硕士学位研究生指导教师。
　　赵明学老师长期以来一直从事英语教学工作，有25年高校教龄，曾先后在哈尔滨工业大学、苏州城建环保学院、中国矿业大学（北京）任教；教学经验丰富，教学成果突出，2次获得省部级教学成果奖。赵明学教授自1996年开始指导硕士学位研究生，主要从事应用语言学，包括语用学、语篇分析、句法学，以及英语教学等领域的研究。他热爱教学工作，工作勤奋、治学严谨，长于探究。近年来有多篇文章发表。在早期的成果中，还有多本教材出版和十余篇论文发表。此外，赵明学教授还于1988年在中国驻美国休斯敦总领事馆教育处工作，1994年去加拿大进行学术访问，1997年到英国参加学术会议，1998年到美国、加拿大以及加勒比海地区进行文化交流，2004年去澳大利亚、新西兰和香港考察，2008年前往英国、瑞典、挪威和芬兰学习考察。
　　周英莉，中国矿业大学（北京），1979-，女，讲师，研究方向：能源英语和跨文化交际。从事本科英语教学十年，负责讲授本校英语专业本科能源英语课程及讲义的编写。
　　近三年主要研究论文、专著及教材
　　1. An Action Research of the Chinese Context-Based Intercultural Teaching-----A Case Study of an Intercultural Exchange Project between American and Chinese College Students，2013.4 Intercultural Comunication Studies, ICS XXII (1)
　　2. Comparative Study of Employment Attitudes of Chinese and American College Students and Suggestion to China’s Employment Guidance System，2013.6，《现代教育研究》, 中华工商联合出版社
　　3. 中美大学生饮食文化差异的分析和解读，2012.5，《中央高校基本科研业务费项目研究成果学术交流会论文集2012年》
　　4. 对美国外语教学中网络跨文化交流项目的研究，2012.3《大家》（核心类）
　　5. 大学英语跨文化教学中对生产性双语现象的研究，2011.5《中央高校基本科研业务费项目研究成果学术交流会论文集2011年》
　　6. Transference of the Optimal Relevance (专著) 2011 Academic Press Corporation
　　7. 《蜗居》和《绝望的主妇》中透视出的中西婚姻模式，2010.7，《电影文学》核心类
　　8. 美国教育中的行为表现评估，2010.8，《教育理论与实践》（核心类）
　　9. 高校英语专业跨文化交际课程教学现状调查研究，2010.6，《中国外语教育》，第三卷，第二期
　　10. 《英语写作基础教程》，2013，北京师范大学出版社
　　杨晓华，中国矿业大学（北京），1978-，女，讲师，研究方向：语言学及英语语言教学。从事本科英语教学十年，负责讲授本校英语专业本科能源英语课程及讲义的编写。
　　参加过的科研课题有：
　　a. 大学英语课程体系开设专门用途英语课程的教学改革,J100802。
　　b. 2009年度中央高校青年基本科研业务基金（QW2009）,本人为项目负责人
　　c. 基于专业内容的大学英语研讨式口语研究与实践（2009北京市教育科学规划课题）；
　　d. 以专业为依托的大学英语口语教学实践研究（2008北京市教委教改项目）;
　　发表论文近十篇。

　　1　Energy Reserve and Security
　　1.1　Are Conventional Energy Sources Depleting
　　Conventional energy sources are normally regarded as reliable, easily extractable and accessible; while they, except hydro, are also characterized by being nonrenewable. Commentators are either pessimistic and concerned with the sustainability of those energy sources or optimistic and confident of technological improvement. Their viewpoints are grouped as Voice A and Voice B standing for different attitudes towards the issue.
　　Coal
　　Voice A
　　Many experts claim that conventional energy sources are exhaustible and no longer reliable, and they will not run out suddenly but diminish at a speed during a period ranging from decades to one or two hundred years. Hubberts peak theory predicted that coal and natural gas production would follow a logistic curve similar to that of oil due to their finite reserves. Virtually after centuries of mineral exploration, coal reservoirs in most countries are mature. Considering the growing gap between energy supply and energy demand, these sources will deplete at a faster rate, which means the increasing imbalance between coal production and consumption due to a declining supply of accessible coal.
　　Voice B
　　Coal reserves are available in almost every country worldwide, with recoverable reserves in around 70 countries. Improvements of technologies promise the access to more coal resources.
　　First, new reserves are discovered through ongoing and improved exploration activities. Second, advances in mining techniques will allow previously inaccessible reserves available. Data from BP World Energy Statistics 2013　shows that in 2012, global coal production was 7.86 billion tons, a 2% increase from one year earlier. Ten countries production exceeded a hundred million tons in 2012. Most of the major coal producers except China and the U.S. showed growth in different degrees.
　　Petroleum
　　Voice A
　　Petroleum is the most essential resource with the largest share in global energy consumption. However, its sustainability is challenged since 1956, when King Hubbert put forward “Peak Oil Theory”. His “Peak Oil Theory” is based on the concept that the amount of petroleum under the ground in any region is finite, therefore, for any given geographical area, from an individual oilproducing region to the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production tends to follow a bellshaped curve—the rate of extraction which initially increases quickly must reach a maximum, and after 40 years when half of the petroleum has been extracted, the rate will decline and a period of petroleum depletion will follow.In other words, when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction has been reached, subsequent methods of extraction cannot increase the rate further.
　　He predicted that the petroleum production in American 48 states would reach peak in 1970s and petroleum production would fall after 40 years of extraction. This prediction has been proved. Since 1970s the production of petroleum in the contiguous 48 states, except Alaska and Hawaii, of United States have began to decline. Despite technology leap in oil exploration and extraction, and derrick quantity in United States is 4 times that of 1970s, its crude oil production is still only half of 1970.
　　Conventional petroleum producing regions have been extracted for more than 140 years and become less productive. The International Energy Agency (IEA) reported in its 2008 Word Energy Outlook that the “rate of decline in existing oil fields goes from 3.7% to 6.7% per year”. In Europe where industrial revolution originated, many of the oil fields have already peaked and there is slight chance, if possible, to exploit new petroleum fields. The UK oil supply has been declined since 1999. Norway followed in 2001. Some experts agree that if the world has not already reached peak petroleum production, then it will do so within the next 20 years.
　　Increasing levels of activity and technological intervention are indispensible to maintain or slow declines in output. Nonconventional petroleum sources including tar sands　tar sand, deep water oil and shale oil require large amount of energy for extraction. Consequently, less petroleum production will be realized at higher cost. The worlds current economic growth is powered by the cheap, easily extractable, good quality petroleum. Since all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum, peak oil could lead to a “partial or complete failure of markets” or, simply an orderly transition to 100% renewable energy, within as short as a decade . Biofuels (primarily ethanol, but also biodiesel) will continue to supplement petroleum. However their output levels are too low to displace local oil production. How far can we go without this gift from nature?
　　Voice B
　　The opposite voice is that there is a great potential in oil production. There are two sources for this increase. First, the growth in oil production capacity would come from OPEC and nonOPEC countries. The largest nonOPEC growth would come expectedly from Canada, Kazakhstan, Brazil, Azerbaijan, Angola and Russia. Growth would also occur in OPEC countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Algeria and Libya. The oil industry is governed by a “law of longlead times” and much of the new capacity would become available. Second, a common pattern in the shortage periods is to underestimate the impact of technology. As skills improved, output from many producing regions would be much greater than anticipated. In fact, world’s remaining proved petroleum reserves keep increasing thanks to the updated technology, as it is revealed by the statistics in Figure 1.1.
　　Unconventional oil resources (Canadian oil sands, deep water oil and shale oil) are another supply to current oil need. The unconventional will cease being frontier and instead become conventional. 85% of unconventional oil reserves are concentrated in the areas of Ashabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River　Peace River in Alberta, Canada. Canada’s proven oil sand reserves in 2011 were 170 billion barrels , only behind the reserves of Saudi Arabia. China ranks 5th in oil sand reserves. There are many areas to be explored, such as deep strata　and offshore deep water parts, which imply more oil and gas reservoirs.
　　……

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