随着我国经济的快速发展，人口的增长和城市化进程的加快，城市生活垃圾产量也在急剧增加；同时，生活垃圾的无害化处理也得到了相应的发展，形成了以焚烧发电为主的处理方式。随着技术的不断发展和行业变化，我国生活垃圾焚烧处理装备向着大型化、高参数的方向迈进，同时，对焚烧系统的高效、低碳、稳定运行提出了更高的要求。
我国自1987年开始从国外引进垃圾发电技术，深圳市首s次新建的垃圾发电厂开始营业，自此，国内的垃圾焚烧发电技术后来居上，迈上了快车道。特别是近年来，随着我国“碳达峰-碳中和”战略目标的提出，垃圾焚烧发电技术发展迅猛。垃圾焚烧发电装机容量由2016年的549万千瓦增至2021年的1729万千瓦，目前垃圾电站的装机容量和垃圾年处理量均列世界第d一。包括水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器在内的锅炉四管是锅炉组件中重要的热量交换部件。由于城市生活垃圾中的氯、硫、碱金属等是不可能消除的成分，因此在垃圾焚烧过程中，锅炉四管金属受热面受到严重的高温腐蚀难以避免。随着垃圾焚烧炉中蒸汽参数逐渐提高，对于锅炉受热面防腐的要求也愈加严格。
当管壁金属或涂层由于腐蚀脱落或使管壁减薄到一定程度时，管内的高压水汽会冲出即出现高压泄漏甚至爆管，迫使锅炉非计划停机维护，不仅会造成严重的安全隐患，也会对发电效率以及垃圾发电经济性都会造成极大影响。因此，一直以来垃圾锅炉的高温腐蚀防护问题，成为阻碍垃圾发电行业发展的瓶颈，严重制约了我国垃圾处理环保产业的快速发展，也是摆在我国垃圾焚烧发电领域科技人员面前亟待解决的问题。多年来，我国该领域的科技人员为此做出了艰苦的努力，取得了不少研究成果。本书是在吸收了近年来国内外垃圾发电高温防腐领域研究的基础上，重点对作者多年来的研究成果进行了阐述，旨在为相关科技人员开发锅炉高温防腐新技术提供基础。
本书共分七章，内容主要包括垃圾电站锅炉高温腐蚀现状与理论、垃圾电站锅炉防腐技术与发展、垃圾电站锅炉合金涂层的材料体系及特性、垃圾电站锅炉合金涂层的高温腐蚀特性、垃圾电站锅炉重熔涂层技术、垃圾焚烧锅炉的防腐优化设计及应用等。
龙吉生，男，1966年生于江西省吉安市吉水县，1988年政府公派日本留学并于1994年获工学博士学位。在日本技术开发株式会社工作15年后，于2008年底回国创业，创立了上海康恒环境股份有限公司。现任上海康恒环境股份有限公司董事长兼首席科学家，日本福冈大学客座教授，国务院政府特殊津贴获得者，国家重点研发计划首席科学家。是上海市领军人才，住建部科技委城市环境卫生专委会委员，国家发展改革委PPP专家，住建部可持续发展与资环专委会委员，住建部可持续发展与资源环境专家委员会委员。从事固废处理技术研发和应用近30年，在日期间主持了日本岩手、新泻、宫崎等多个垃圾焚烧项目，回国后主持开发了新一代炉排炉焚烧技术，该技术与装备在国内占据超过1/3的市场份额。带领康恒环境在全国已投资建设约70余座垃圾焚烧发电项目，处理垃圾规模约10万吨/日。曾获国家科学技术进步二等奖（公司）1项（2013）、教j育y部科学技术进步奖一等奖1项（2012）、华夏建设科学技术奖一、二等奖各1项（2011、2020），曾获日中科学技术交流协会“天田科学技术研究奖”（1991）和日本废弃物技术咨询顾问协会“有功奖”（2001）等。已发表学术论文40余篇，参编著作4部，授权专利96项，其中发明专利15项。参编《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》（GB18485-2014）等标准规范6项。
序
前言
1 概述 ······························································································· 1
1.1 我国生活垃圾产生及处理现状 ································································· 1
1.1.1 生活垃圾的产生及性质 ··································································· 1
1.1.2 生活垃圾的处理现状 ······································································ 5
1.2 生活垃圾焚烧技术发展及难点 ································································· 9
1.2.1 垃圾焚烧大型化及蒸汽高参数化发展 ················································· 9
1.2.2 锅炉长周期安全稳定运行的需求凸显 ················································ 15
参考文献 ································································································· 19
2 垃圾焚烧锅炉高温腐蚀现状与理论 ······················································· 21
2.1 背景及意义 ························································································ 21
2.1.1 垃圾焚烧锅炉受热面爆管现状 ························································· 21
2.1.2 垃圾焚烧锅炉的高温腐蚀问题 ························································· 24
2.1.3 垃圾焚烧锅炉高温防腐的迫切性 ······················································ 25
2.2 垃圾焚烧锅炉高温腐蚀类型 ·································································· 26
2.2.1 含氯气体引起的腐蚀 ····································································· 26
2.2.2 固态碱金属氯化物引起的腐蚀 ························································· 26
2.2.3 熔融态碱金属氯化物引起的腐蚀 ······················································ 27
2.3 垃圾焚烧锅炉高温腐蚀产物 ·································································· 28
2.3.1 垃圾焚烧锅炉管壁的腐蚀产物 ························································· 28
2.3.2 氯化腐蚀的基本过程 ····································································· 30
2.4 垃圾焚烧锅炉高温腐蚀机理 ·································································· 31 2.4.1 高温腐蚀的规律 ···········································································31
2.4.2 高温氯腐蚀微观过程 ·····································································32
2.4.3 高温腐蚀的影响因素 ·····································································33
2.5 高温腐蚀速度规律 ··············································································· 36
2.5.1 腐蚀速度与管壁温度间的关系 ·························································36
2.5.2 腐蚀速度的主要影响因素 ·······························································40
2.5.3 高温腐蚀速率小结 ········································································46
参考文献 ·································································································· 48
3 垃圾焚烧锅炉防腐涂层技术与发展 ······················································ 50
3.1 垃圾焚烧锅炉管基材 ············································································ 51
3.2 基于制备工艺的防腐涂层体系 ································································ 54
3.2.1 热喷涂技术 ·················································································55
3.2.2 堆焊技术 ····················································································64
3.2.3 感应熔焊技术 ··············································································67
3.2.4 渗铝涂层技术 ··············································································70
3.2.5 纳米陶瓷涂层技术 ········································································72
3.2.6 激光熔覆涂层技术 ········································································74
3.3 涂层材料体系设计及其协同发展 ····························································· 76
3.3.1 合金材料体系 ··············································································77
3.3.2 金属陶瓷材料体系 ········································································77
3.3.3 涂层工艺与材料的协同发展 ····························································77
参考文献 ·································································································· 79
4 垃圾焚烧锅炉防腐涂层的材料体系及特性 ············································· 85
4.1 高温防腐合金 ····················································································· 85
4.1.1 镍基高温耐蚀合金 ········································································85
4.1.2 Ni
?
Cr 型耐蚀合金 ········································································88
4.1.3 Ni
?
Mo 型耐蚀合金 ······································································88
4.1.4 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系耐蚀合金 ·································································89
4.2 Ni
?
Crx
?
Mo 系高温耐蚀合金涂层 ·························································· 89
4.2.1 Ni
?
Crx
?
Mo 系高温耐蚀合金涂层制备 ·············································89
4.2.2 Ni
?
Crx
?
Mo 系耐蚀合金涂层显微硬度分析 ·······································91
4.2.3 Ni
?
Crx
?
Mo 系耐蚀合金涂层显微组织分析 ·······································91
4.2.4 Ni
?
Crx
?
Mo 系高温耐蚀合金涂层电化学测试分析 ······························98 4.3 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mox 系高温耐蚀合金涂层 ·························································101
4.3.1 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mox 系高温耐蚀合金涂层制备 ··········································· 101
4.3.2 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mox 系高温耐蚀合金涂层组织 ··········································· 102
4.3.3 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mox 系高温耐蚀合金浸泡腐蚀性能 ····································· 104
参考文献 ································································································ 114
5 垃圾焚烧锅炉防腐涂层的高温腐蚀特性 ··············································· 117
5.1 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系合金涂层的高温氯腐蚀特性 ·············································· 117
5.1.1 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系合金涂层高温腐蚀试验设计 ······································· 117
5.1.2 高温碱金属氯化物熔盐腐蚀实验 ···················································· 118
5.1.3 TP347H 不锈钢的高温氯腐蚀 ······················································· 121
5.1.4 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系镍基合金的高温氯腐蚀 ············································· 127
5.1.5 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系镍基合金涂层的高温氯腐蚀 ······································· 132
5.1.6 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系镍基合金涂层的高温腐蚀机理 ···································· 137
5.1.7 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 系合金涂层的高温氯腐蚀特性总结 ································· 140
5.2 高 Mo/W 系 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 合金涂层的高温氯/硫腐蚀特性 ·····························141
5.2.1 高 Mo/W 系 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 合金涂层的制备 ········································ 141
5.2.2 高温氯硫实验过程 ······································································ 142
5.2.3 TP347H 不锈钢的高温氯硫腐蚀 ····················································· 144
5.2.4 NiCr17Mo 合金涂层的高温氯硫腐蚀特性 ········································· 150
5.2.5 NiCrMo10W 系合金涂层的高温氯硫腐蚀特性 ··································· 156
5.2.6 高 Mo/W 系 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 合金涂层的高温氯硫腐蚀机理 ······················· 162
5.2.7 高 Mo/W 系 Ni
?
Cr
?
Mo 合金涂层的高温氯硫腐蚀特性总结 ················· 166
参考文献 ································································································167
6 垃圾焚烧余热锅炉受热面重熔涂层技术研究 ········································· 172
6.1 二次重熔技术 ····················································································172
6.1.1 应用背景 ···················································································· 172
6.1.2 国内外研究现状 ··········································································· 173
6.2 耐垃圾焚烧烟气重熔涂层的制备工艺 ·····················································175
6.2.1 实验材料 ···················································································· 176
6.2.2 热喷涂层的制备 ··········································································· 176
6.2.3 涂层的二次重熔 ··········································································· 177
6.3 重熔涂层的实验方法 ···········································································180
6.3.1 测试方法 ···················································································· 180 6.3.2 物相分析 ··················································································· 182
6.4 重熔涂层的显微组织与元素分布 ··························································· 185
6.4.1 火焰喷涂 ··················································································· 185
6.4.2 火焰重熔 ··················································································· 187
6.4.3 激光重熔 ··················································································· 194
6.4.4 感应重熔 ··················································································· 197
6.4.5 小结 ························································································· 201
6.5 重熔涂层的显微硬度 ·········································································· 202
6.5.1 火焰重熔层的显微硬度 ································································· 202
6.5.2 激光重熔层的显微硬度 ································································· 203
6.5.3 感应重熔层的显微硬度 ································································· 203
6.6 重熔涂层的高温腐蚀特性 ···································································· 204
6.7 二次重熔工艺对比 ············································································· 210
6.8 感应重熔涂层的工程应用 ···································································· 212
参考文献 ································································································ 216
7 垃圾焚烧锅炉的防腐优化设计及应用 ·················································· 219
7.1 高参数余热锅炉防腐设计现状及趋势 ····················································· 219
7.1.1 主蒸汽参数对防腐设计的影响 ························································ 219
7.1.2 综合经济效益分析 ······································································· 226
7.2 典型垃圾焚烧锅炉防腐工程应用案例及分析 ············································ 228
7.2.1 我国南部某垃圾焚烧发电项目 ························································ 228
7.2.2 我国北部某垃圾焚烧发电项目 ························································ 257
参考文献 ································································································ 273
后记 ································································································· 276
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