博士研究生英语入学测试全真试题解析与深度模拟训练_主编黄雄_9787307101302

　　《博士研究生英语入学测试全真试题解析与深度模拟训练（非英语专业）》共分为三部分。
　　第一部分为概述。从整体上对湖北省博士研究生入学英语联考和武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试卷进行了比较和分析，并分别针对具体测试项的技能加以指导说明，以培养考生的全局观念，增强考生的应试意识。
　　第二部分为全真试题解析。通过导读、点评的方式，对2007-2012年湖北省博士研究生入学英语联考试题和武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题分别做了较为详细地解析；并借助这一手段，帮助考生更好地了解试卷的异同和偏重，把握出题的思路和导向，采取合适的解题策略。
　　第三部分为深度模拟训练。针对湖北省博士研究生入学英语联考和武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试卷的特点，追本溯源，精心编写了强化训练试题，深度模拟全真试题风格，包括试题的内容范畴、文体类型、话题取向、语言特征以及难易程度等。

　　In a perfectly free and open market economy， the type of employer-govemmentor private-should have little or no impact on the earning differentials between womenand men. However， if there is discrimination against one sex it is unlikely that thedegree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same.Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in eaming differentialsassociated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and privateemployers， it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would begreater. Thus， one would expect that， if women are being discriminated against，govemment employment would have a positive effect on women's eamings ascompared with their earnings from private employment The results of a study byFuchs support this assumption. Fuchs' results suggest that the earnings of women inan industry composed entirely of government employees would by 14. 6 percent greaterthan the eamings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees，other things being equal.
　　In addition， both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect ofdiscrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greaterthan the effect of either govemment or private employer discrimination on the earningsof women employees. To test this hypothesis， Brown selected a large sample of whitemale and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into threecategories： private employees， govemment employees， and the self-employed. （ Blackworkers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials thatwere the result of racial disparities/bias. ） Brown's research design controlled foreducation， labor-force participation， mobility， motivation， and age in order toeliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggestthat men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers， For men，self-employment is the highest eamings category， with private employment next， andgovemment lowest. For women， this order is reversed.
　　One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. Ln addition， self-employed women may have more difficulty thanmen in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers andfrom financial institutions.
　　 Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination byconsumers has a greater impact on the eamings of women than does discrimination byeither government or private employers. Also， the fact that women do better workingfor government than for private employers implies that private employers arediscriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does notdiscriminate against women.
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